Sunday, September 4, 2011

Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking (8th Edition)

Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking (8th Edition)The habits and attitudes associated with critical thinking are transferable to consumer, medical, legal, and general ethical choices. When our surgeon says surgery is needed, it can be life sustaining to seek answers to the critical questions encouraged in Asking the Right Questions This popular book helps bridge the gap between simply memorizing or blindly accepting information, and the greater challenge of critical analysing the things we are told and read. It gives strategies for responding to alternative points of view and will help readers develop a solid foundation for making personal choices about what to accept and what to reject.

Price: $48.20


Click here to buy from Amazon

Usable content: a blogger's introduction

Translate Request has too much data
Parameter name: request
Translate Request has too much data
Parameter name: request

You’ve probably heard of usability. Back in the day, when the web was wild(er) and free(r), usability proponents like Jakob Nielsen encouraged site owners to stop doing things like displaying yellow text on black backgrounds, shun the Blink and Marquee tags, and focus on helping users do what they wanted to do on websites.

These days, usability is crucial to the success not just of blogs, but of online businesses—much of the information we read about reducing friction and improving sales pages, for example, is based on usability principles. So are the layouts of popular blog themes, online image albums and video players, and so on.

But we can go further than this, to look at the usability of our content. Content usability isn’t often talked about, but as content creators, bloggers should get their heads around this idea.

Content usability focuses on making the information we publish as usable a possible to the users our blogs target.

content usability Copyright Yuri Arcurs - Fotolia.com

An example: if your blog targets people with dyslexia or other reading and comprehension difficulties, you’ll tailor your content to their needs. That might mean tweaking your layout, avoiding certain color combinations, changing your default fonts, altering your writing style, and so on.

Another example: if you run a blog that’s focused on promoting special offers (like a deal-aggregation blog, for example), you’ll want to make sure that every aspect of your content is targeted to readers achieving the goal of taking up those deals. Maybe you’ll make the deal links stand out through color choice. Perhaps you’ll also provide the details of each deal in a sidebar so that users don’t need to scroll through your content to find the links. Perhaps you’ll pull out the key aspects of each deal into a “vital stats” list that appears at the top of every post, for the same reason.

As you can see, the notion of content usability is closely tied to your audience and your blog’s purpose. That said, there are some general usability principles that you should consider in formulating your content.

Aside from the most basic ideas of content usability—accurate spelling, good structure, and so on—there are a few content usability principles that bloggers often ignore.

Darren’s provided some detailed formatting advice for bloggers, and formatting is a big deal for usability.

The real key to formatting usability is to use formatting consistently, so that headings of the same level are given the appropriate markup (second-level headings are all H2s, for example), emphasis is always used in the same way, and so on.

This matters for a range of reasons that aren’t limited to the fact that human beings are reading your blog posts—SEO and screen readers, for example. But at its most basic, formatting tells readers something about the nature of the content you’re presenting, and about its component parts.

If I use italics for emphasis here, and bold here, you may well become confused, even subconsciously. Why are those two items (they could be headings, or titles, or images, or buttons) presented differently? Are they different? Okay, so that formatting might not make my content unusable, but it does reduce its usability. How? By increasing confusion.

Using underlines on web text wasn’t cool in Jakob’s day, and it’s still not—even though web design, and web users, have both come a long way since then.

In the good (or bad, depending on how you see things) old days, underlines on text were reserved for hyperlinks—that was the signal to web users that the text was linked to another resource. It still is on many sites, and many of us still regard an underline as the standard form of web link.

Underline your text without a link—for the sake of emphasis, say—and you’ll confuse more than a few of your readers.

The web offers us a great benefit over every other communications medium in that when we refer to something or someone, we can show readers what that is without breaking the flow of our engagement with them.

Let’s imagine I’m talking to you about content usability, and I want to mention readability, but I’m not sure if you know what that is. Instead of that nice, subtle link I just included in the previous sentence, I’d probably end up saying something like this:

“So, yeah, content usability includes factors like readability and … oh, so readability’s about how easy it is to read and take in—like, comprehend, really—your stuff. So there are these online tests that let you paste in your content and they’ll tell you how readable it is; they’ll give you a readability score that corresponds to school grades and—what’s that? Oh? You know about readability? Cool. So … what was I saying again? Oh yeah, content usability…”

The web offers us the ability to suggest further reading and deeper insight without breaking the flow of communication, or telling readers things they don’t want or need to know. Links make your content more usable, because they make it more useful. Links help your readers to achieve their goals through your blog. Don’t just mention brand names, individuals, or websites: link to the them. And link to them in a way that helps readers predict what they’ll get if they click on the link.

If your content is going to be useable for your audience, surely speaking to those readers is a big part of the communications picture.

You’ll notice here on ProBlogger that we refer to bloggers a lot. We frequently refer to your blog, your audience, and your niche, as these are all terms that are part of the blogging vocabulary, and we all understand what they mean. As a secondary term, we do refer to your site, but only to avoid repetition. First and foremost, we call ourselves bloggers.

This isn’t about SEO—although of course it helps. This decision is about talking to our audience in the terms you understand—terms that resonate with you. Another example: when I first started with ProBlogger I asked Darren specifically if he (and you) referred to your blog visitors as “readers.” This is standard terminology on this blog, but it wasn’t for other publications I’ve worked on.

This may seem like a minor issue. But imagine you read three articles on ProBlogger, and not one of them contained any mention of blogs or blogging or readers. Imagine if all they referred to was sites and end users. You might start to question whether the content was really suited to you and your needs. You’d probably wonder how applicable—or useful—it was to your situation.

Use the words your readers know, understand, and expect. And use them consistently, so users aren’t jarred by a proliferation of terminology. This will help to make your content more usable, though again your readers may not realize it consciously.

Content isn’t just words—we have at our disposal diagrams, photographs, video, sound, and interactivity in various forms. Often, written content should take a supporting role. It’s up to us as bloggers to discern those moments, and to use the tags, captions, and other tools available to us to augment, rather than replace, the appropriate content form.

In all cases, we should make the most of those possibilities, even at a text level. If your blog post doesn’t fit into list format, don’t write it as a list post. If as you’re writing, you find that your post becomes a list, go back and make that clear in the title and opening paragraphs. Telling users what they can expect—and then meeting that expectation—is vital to usability.

I’ll admit that I can be a bit slow on the uptake as a web user. That’s not good, because I use the web a lot, and I get grumpy when things don’t go as I expect. I can think of plenty of examples, off the top of my head, where usability could be better.

Each of these examples arises as a result of the point I made above: that on the web, we, as bloggers, can link to resources. That’s the up-side; the down-side is that we, as readers and users, can get confused about what can be clicked on, and where it will lead. Very confused, in some cases.

Like Darren’s Workbooks page—I really want to be able to click on the book titles there! I was looking for a book there today (ProBlogger’s Guide to Blogging for Your Business). I scrolled down, found the title, clicked! …aaaand nothing. I had to go all the way to the scroll bar again, drag it down, and click on the link.

Can your blog’s users click on the things they expect to?

Or, take Google’s page header (it’s not a blog, but it deserves a mention). When I started using Google+ I had some questions and started looking for Help. I saw that little cog in the top-right corner, but I thought it provided access to my settings, not help. Even the page footer, standard location for Help and Privacy links, lacks a link to Help!

Help-less I expected to see a Help link in this menu bar. Is that so wrong?

Does your blog clearly indicate what’s what, and what leads to where? You might need to do some user testing to find out the truth on this one.

And what about this shot from Copyblogger? This box appears at the bottom of Copyblogger’s right-hand sidebar. I don’t know about you, but I’m a lazy clicker. The box has one link. So (my whiny-teen-alter-ego whinges), why can’t I click anywhere on that box to access the link?

Why can't I click anywhere? Copyblogger kudos box: not so clicky

Does your blog make users work harder than they need to?

These kinds of issues may require some lateral thinking—or some user testing—to uncover, but correcting them could make your blog, your newsletter, your sales pages, and your content in general, a whole lot more usable.

Okay, so people don’t talk much about content usability. But people who create content and publish it should have a firm grasp and consciousness of the concept and what it means for their users. We’re not always going to get it right, but we owe it to ourselves and our readers to strive constantly to improve content usability.

How can you do that? You could review some of your content using the ideas I’ve mentioned here, and see where you could make improvements. You could play around with wireframing software like mockingbird to create different presentations for your content. Perhaps you know a usability professional who you can speak to about the principles of usability—or you could just pick up a book on the topic at your local library. Once you get started, you might like to do some user testing to see if you are actually making your content more usable for readers.

If you need a little extra impetus, consider that in many cases, better content usability means better content reusability. Format your posts well, use reader-appropriate language, link wherever you can, and employ the appropriate formats for the message you’re delivering, and you’ll be much more easily able to repackage that content into a saleable format down the track.

How usable is your content? Are you conscious of usability as you write and prepare posts for publication? I’d love to hear your thoughts in the comments.


View the original article here

Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788

Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788When the delegates left the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in September 1787, the new Constitution they had written was no more than a proposal. Elected conventions in at least nine of the thirteen states would have to ratify it before it could take effect. There was reason to doubt whether that would happen. The document we revere today as the foundation of our country’s laws, the cornerstone of our legal system, was hotly disputed at the time. Some Americans denounced the Constitution for threatening the liberty that Americans had won at great cost in the Revolutionary War. One group of fiercely patriotic opponents even burned the document in a raucous public demonstration on the Fourth of July.

In this splendid new history, Pauline Maier tells the dramatic story of the yearlong battle over ratification that brought such famous founders as Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and Henry together with less well-known Americans who sometimes eloquently and always passionately expressed their hopes and fears for their new country. Men argued in taverns and coffeehouses; women joined the debate in their parlors; broadsides and newspaper stories advocated various points of view and excoriated others. In small towns and counties across the country people read the document carefully and knew it well. Americans seized the opportunity to play a role in shaping the new nation. Then the ratifying conventions chosen by "We the People" scrutinized and debated the Constitution clause by clause.

Although many books have been written about the Constitutional Convention, this is the first major history of ratification. It draws on a vast new collection of documents and tells the story with masterful attention to detail in a dynamic narrative. Each state’s experience was different, and Maier gives each its due even as she focuses on the four critical states of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York, whose approval of the Constitution was crucial to its success.

The New Yorker Gilbert Livingston called his participation in the ratification convention the greatest transaction of his life. The hundreds of delegates to the ratifying conventions took their responsibility seriously, and their careful inspection of the Constitution can tell us much today about a document whose meaning continues to be subject to interpretation. Ratification is the story of the founding drama of our nation, superbly told in a history that transports readers back more than two centuries to reveal the convictions and aspirations on which our country was built.

Price: $30.00


Click here to buy from Amazon

Why should you never comment on Blogs. Ever.

This guest post is by David Hartstein of JG Visual.

I'm sure you've heard good thoughtful, logical arguments for why you should be commenting on blogs:

"You can be a part of the conversation happening out there." "You can build your own authority." "You can drive traffic to your blog. "

But, although there is a burnt, unpopped kernel of truth in these statements may, none of them take into account the many reasons why you should never comment on a blog.

Well here are some of the reasons for your cooperation.

First and foremost, you should not even begin to think about the comment unless you have something really profound to say.  If you simply agreed, it's probably judgment will rain down on you.  If, to be honest, it should.  There is no room for only opinions in the comment section of a blog.  It is after all a blog.  No feelings, just facts.

Plus there is a good chance that you don't have permission to comment on a post.  I mean, if someone is writing a post, they are certainly held in high esteem by all of the peers in their field.  The Internet don't let just anyone publish.  And if you're not an expert, you probably have a lot to offer.  Sure, maybe you have some ideas, but they are the kind that are best kept to yourself?  Unless you have a graduate degree in the subject at hand, they should probably be stowed in your journal.

Moreover, if no one else has responded yet, you are essentially your head on the chopping block.  You could write one, but doing so opens you up to the minority position.  It is quite possible that just after you have finished singing the praises of a certain function, a set of users will go on an angry tirade ripping apart of the author.  You would look really stupid.  Who cares what you thought?  Which other commenters probably know more than you anyway.

Also, remember that browser spell check leave something to be desired.  Certainly, it will be a word that you have slaughtered, but what about something more minute catch?  And any form of oversee your grammar forgotten.  Plus, there is a very good chance that a misspelled word will leave what you must say incomprehensible, leading to angry comments about the spam you leave behind.

Once you've waded through the murky waters of actually composing your comment, you're still faced with giving away your personal information.  If you're anything like the average web user, you probably still not given out a lot of personal info online before, maybe with the exception of some obscure social networking site.

If you feel the need to comment, you have the required authority to do that, and other people have already responded, consider the following action:

Design the comment in a word processor.Check the comment for misspellings and grammatical errors, both with the built-in tools and manually.Re-check. Send a family member or a friend for their thoughts (choose someone smart).Print out, sleep on it and it again at breakfast the next day.If you still feel the urge, you go ahead and publish it.Dealing with the resulting consequences.

If after reading this, you still are just to publish a comment from time to time, go ahead.  But consider yourself warned.  It is a dangerous game.

And, whatever you do, don't you dare write a comment on this post!

David Hartstein is a partner at JG Visual, an internet strategy company that works with organizations to develop and implement their online presence.  You can connect with David at the JG Visual Facebook page.


View the original article here

The Art and Craft of Feature Writing: Based on The Wall Street Journal Guide

The Art and Craft of Feature Writing: Based on The Wall Street Journal Guide

To be useful, scientific research needs to be explained clearly to others—to colleagues, to administrators, to foundations and governmental bodies, and to the public. This thoroughly revised edition of the classic How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper gives beginning scientists and experienced researchers alike practical advice on writing about their work and publishing what they write. The core of the book consists of a how-to guide to writing and publishing research articles for scientific journals, explaining every step of the process, from choosing a suitable journal for your work to presenting the results and citing references. In addition to the information on writing for scientific journals, this book provides additional advice for the scientist of the 21st century. All of this practical information makes How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper the essential guide that scientists need for succeeding in the competitive environment of today. Outside North America, a cloth edition is available through Greenwood International UK and a paperback edition through Cambridge University Press UK.

Price: $14.95


Click here to buy from Amazon

How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper (How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper (Day))

How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper (How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper (Day))

To be useful, scientific research needs to be explained clearly to others—to colleagues, to administrators, to foundations and governmental bodies, and to the public. This thoroughly revised edition of the classic How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper gives beginning scientists and experienced researchers alike practical advice on writing about their work and publishing what they write. The core of the book consists of a how-to guide to writing and publishing research articles for scientific journals, explaining every step of the process, from choosing a suitable journal for your work to presenting the results and citing references. In addition to the information on writing for scientific journals, this book provides additional advice for the scientist of the 21st century. All of this practical information makes How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper the essential guide that scientists need for succeeding in the competitive environment of today. Outside North America, a cloth edition is available through Greenwood International UK and a paperback edition through Cambridge University Press UK.

Price: $29.95


Click here to buy from Amazon

Saturday, September 3, 2011

You must Post each day on your Blog [misconceptions new Bloggers have # 2]

This post continues our Misconceptions New Bloggers Have series and looks at one of the most common questions I'm asked about when speaking about blogging — posting frequency.


I've lost count of the number of times I've heard prebloggers dismiss the idea of blogging because they don't have the time or discipline to produce daily blog posts.


daily-post.jpegThe belief is that to be successful they need to get posts out daily (if not multiple times per day). The reality is that there is no single approach to successful blogging when it comes to how often one must post. There are plenty of examples of highly successful blogs that operate at both ends of the frequency spectrum (I'll highlight some less frequent posters below).


So what can we say about how often you should post? Let's take a look at some of the factors we need to consider.


The blogger/reader interaction is a lot like any relationship — the more you see one another as friends, the more you begin to know about each other, the more intimacy develops, and the more you get to trust each other (a big additive distortion modeling, I know).


Regular posting on your blog puts you and your brand in front of people on a regular basis, and this opens up the opportunity for a deepening relationship. Infrequent posting can lead to readers feeling disconnected, and to even forget who you are completely.


This was highlighted to me once at a conference when, after getting off the stage from speaking, I was almost knocked over in a warm embrace from one ProBlogger reader.


Through her tears she stammered, "I … just … feel … sob … like … I ... sniff ... know … you … so … well! "


Why did she feel that way? Every day she'd received an email from me with advice on how to build her blog.


Of course if we look at "real life" relationships we also have to acknowledge that the amount of time you spend with someone can also have the opposite effect. Have you ever had a friendship with someone that became a little too much? You know the relationships … where the other person leaps in so far that you end up feeling a little smothered!


Posting too regularly can get a little like that too.


I once surveyed readers here on ProBlogger about the reasons they unsubscribed to RSS feeds and the number one answer was "posting too much." Respondents expressed that they developed "burnout" and would unsubscribe if a blog became too "noisy."


There's a tipping point for every blog where one more post just becomes too much and readers begin to disengage.


So what's the tipping point? How many posts will grow the relationship and how many will destroy it?


Unfortunately there isn't a single number that will work for every blog — instead I suspect it really comes down to the relevancy and usefulness of the content you're producing. If what you're writing is going to solve problems and be valuable to them, they will forgive a lot, whether that's lots of posts or a long period between them.


One question to ask yourself on this front is, "What do my readers need?"

On one hand, you might find in answering that question for your readership that they need lots of short, sharp posts because there is a lot of breaking news in your niche that they want.In other cases you might find that your readers actually need thoughtful analysis — longer posts that they have time to chew on before moving onto another topic.

The answers to this question will depend a lot on the type of blog that you're running, the niche or topic, the style and length or content that you're producing, and the types of readers you're hoping to attract.


There are a few more benefits or more frequent posting that are worth mentioning:

More entry points into your blog via the search engines: Daily posting means 365 entrypoints into your blog for search users every year as opposed to 52 if you're posting weekly, or 12 if you go with monthly.More entry points into your blog through social media: Similarly, by publishing and promoting your content, you're also providing more doorways into your blog on sites like Twitter and Facebook. Daily posts give your readers more opportunities to share those links around.More connecting points for RSS subscribers: Similarly again, the more you post, the more alerts or updates those who subscribe to your blog via RSS will get.

On the flip-side, there are benefits or less posts, too:

Potentially higher reader engagement: I've noticed on my own blogs that if I post once in three or four days, the posts tend to get higher levels of comments and conversation among readers when compared to times when I post two posts in a single day. I guess posting frequently posts pushes off the radar or readers faster, as there's always something new coming out.Absence can make the heart grow fonder: I know of a couple of bloggers who post quite infrequently, but have built up almost a cult following, and who build a lot of anticipation among readers for the next post. Posts become highly anticipated and valued, and they get shared around the web at a higher rate than if the posts were coming out multiple times a day (I'll give some examples of this type of blog below).It helps to avoid writer burnout and can lead to higher quality content: After the initial adrenaline rush that often comes with launching a new blog subsides, many bloggers hit a wall when, a few months in, they begin to struggle to find things to write about. The pressure of daily posting can add to this, so a less frequent publishing schedule can give a little more space to write only about the things that they think really matter. They are free to write the most useful content, and to avoid burnout as they do so.

I asked on Twitter for examples of blogs that post less frequently than daily, but which still have been successful. I was inundated with examples. Here are some that were most commonly suggested by my followers:

Zen Habits: updated an average of eight times per month over the last few monthsThe Art of Non Conformity: Chris Guillebeau's blog, which has averaged just under ten posts per month latelySimpleMom: posts more regularly than the above two, but usually has a day or two off per week — a good example of regularity with breaksThe Four Hour Work Week: as you'd expect, Tim's not going to be updating daily on this given his topic (he posts three or four times a month), yet it gets a lot ofUnmarketingcommitment: Scott Stratten commented on Twitter that "infrequency is my middle name." However, keep in mind that Scott's working hard on developing engagement on Twitter — he's closing in on 75,000 tweets!Social Triggers: Derek Halpern posts two to four times per month, but the quality is high and there's a lot of reader engagement.Penelope Trunk: Penelope is another great example of someone who has regular posting but doesn't feel the need to write something every single day.

Check out the other posts in the Misconceptions or blogging series.


View the original article here